huguenot surnames in germany

Huguenot immigrants settled throughout pre-colonial America, including in New Amsterdam (New York City), some 21 miles north of New York in a town which they named New Rochelle, and some further upstate in New Paltz. It is now an official symbol of the glise des Protestants rforms (French Protestant church). McClain, Molly. ", "L'affaire des placards, la fin de la belle Renaissance", "18 octobre 1534: l'affaire des placards", "This Day in History 1572: Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre", Provisional Government of the French Republic, "Rise of 'neo-Protestantism' under Macron challenges traditional Catholic-secular approach to politics", "Welcome to The Huguenot Society of Australia", "Chronology French Church du Saint-Esprit", "French Huguenots and their descendants genealogy project", "Allocution de M. Franois Mitterrand, Prsident de la Rpublique, aux crmonies du tricentenaire de la Rvocation de l'Edit de Nantes, sur la tolrance en matire politique et religieuse et l'histoire du protestantisme en France, Paris, Palais de l'UNESCO, vendredi 11 octobre 1985", "Bayonne Online The first reference to Bayonne in history is in 1609 when Henry Hudson stopped there before proceeding on his journey up the river which would later bear his name. There is an aged carpenter here, 'La Combre,' of pure Huguenot descent, so that this name also, as well as another, 'Champ,' may be added to the list. Peter married into a family of physicians and had a son Peter jnr. Hello. [54][55] Beyond Paris, the killings continued until 3 October. Examples include: Blignaut, Cilliers, Cronje (Cronier), de Klerk (Le Clercq), de Villiers, du Plessis, Du Preez (Des Pres), du Randt (Durand), du Toit, Duvenhage (Du Vinage), Franck, Fouch, Fourie (Fleurit), Gervais, Giliomee (Guilliaume), Gous/Gouws (Gauch), Hugo, Jordaan (Jourdan), Joubert, Kriek, Labuschagne (la Buscagne), le Roux, Lombard, Malan, Malherbe, Marais, Maree, Minnaar (Mesnard), Nel (Nell), Naud, Nortj (Nortier), Pienaar (Pinard), Retief (Retif), Roux, Rossouw (Rousseau), Taljaard (Taillard), TerBlanche, Theron, Viljoen (Vilion) and Visagie (Visage). The Protestant Reformation began by Martin Luther in Germany . He called this tip of the peninsula which jutted out into Newark Bay, "Bird's Point". War at home again precluded a resupply mission, and the colony struggled. In relative terms, this could be the largest wave of immigration of a single community into Britain ever. What is clear is that the surname, Jaques, is a Huguenot name. ", Mark Greengrass, "Protestant exiles and their assimilation in early modern England. Thousands of Huguenots were in Paris celebrating the marriage of Henry of Navarre to Marguerite de Valois on Saint Bartholomew's Day, August 24, 1572. Most Cordes families in the United States come from Germany but many of them have family histories that claim French or Spanish origins. Many researchers are challenged by the following list of obstacles, including: Some of the earliest to arrive in Australia held prominent positions in English society, notably, Others who came later were from poorer families, migrating from England in the 19th and early 20th centuries to escape the poverty of. Due to the Huguenots' early ties with the leadership of the Dutch Revolt and their own participation, some of the Dutch patriciate are of part-Huguenot descent. [French, from Old French huguenot, member of a Swiss political movement, alteration (influenced by Bezanson Hugues (c. In 1565 the Spanish decided to enforce their claim to La Florida, and sent Pedro Menndez de Avils, who established the settlement of St. Augustine near Fort Caroline. A series of three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions broke out, mainly in southwestern France, between 1621 and 1629 in which the Reformed areas revolted against royal authority. In his Encyclopedia of Protestantism, Hans Hillerbrand wrote that on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572, the Huguenot community made up as much as 10% of the French population. The Huguenots adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate French communities. [69] The largest portion of the Huguenots to settle in the Cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration, but quite a few arrived as late as 1700; thereafter, the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time.[70]. Research genealogy for Franklin (Frank) L. Haas of Richland, Fountain, Indiana, as well as other members of the Haas family, on Ancestry. [27] The Waldensians created fortified areas, as in Cabrires, perhaps attacking an abbey. The Huguenot Museum in Bad Karlshafen, Germany has some fascinating exhibits. [100] In Wandsworth, their gardening skills benefited the Battersea market gardens. [78] Howard Hughes, famed investor, pilot, film director, and philanthropist, was also of Huguenot descent and descendant from Rev. The Society has chapters in numerous states, with the one in Texas being the largest. In the Manakintown area, the Huguenot Memorial Bridge across the James River and Huguenot Road were named in their honour, as were many local features, including several schools, including Huguenot High School. Inhabited by Camisards, it continues to be the backbone of French Protestantism. During this time, their opponents first dubbed the Protestants Huguenots; but they called themselves reforms, or "Reformed". [22] A few families went to Orthodox Russia and Catholic Quebec. [citation needed] Surveys suggest that Protestantism has grown in recent years, though this is due primarily to the expansion of evangelical Protestant churches which particularly have adherents among immigrant groups that are generally considered distinct from the French Huguenot population. [60], Persecution of Protestants diminished in France after 1724, finally ending with the Edict of Versailles, commonly called the Edict of Tolerance, signed by Louis XVI in 1787. Trim, . ), was in common use by the mid-16th century. The French protestants, on the other hand, who had fled because of . Some remained, practicing their Faith in secret. [68] A group of Huguenots was part of the French colonisers who arrived in Brazil in 1555 to found France Antarctique. These included villages in and around the Massif Central, as well as the area around Dordogne, which used to be almost entirely Reformed too. Francis initially protected the Huguenot dissidents from Parlementary measures seeking to exterminate them. FAQs; Blog; Past Newsletters; Scrapbook; Huguenot Names. [98] Andrew Lortie (born Andr Lortie), a leading Huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled community in London, became known for articulating their criticism of the Pope and the doctrine of transubstantiation during Mass. [citation needed], By 1620, the Huguenots were on the defensive, and the government increasingly applied pressure. Frenchtown in New Jersey bears the mark of early settlers.[22]. Among the Huguenots who left were a group of families from northern France, located near Calais, and what is now southern Belgium. Services are still held there in French according to the Reformed tradition every Sunday at 3pm. The Pennsylvania-German, Volume 12 . Some Huguenots fought in the Low Countries alongside the Dutch against Spain during the first years of the Dutch Revolt (15681609). "A Letter from Carolina, 1688: French Huguenots in the New World." History: As a name of Swiss German origin (see 1 above) the surname Martin is very common among the American Mennonites. not (hyoog-nt) n. A French Protestant of the 16th to 18th centuries. [16] Hans J. Hillerbrand, an expert on the subject, in his Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set claims the Huguenot community reached as much as 10% of the French population on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, declining to 7 to 8% by the end of the 16th century, and further after heavy persecution began once again with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV in 1685. Most French Huguenots were either unable or unwilling to emigrate to avoid forced conversion to Roman Catholicism. Huguenots intermarried with Dutch from the outset. But in the reign of William and Mary, the largest number of foreign refugees were Naturalized in these countries, from 1689 to the 3rd July, 1701. It used a derogatory pun on the name Hugues by way of the Dutch word Huisgenoten (literally 'housemates'), referring to the connotations of a somewhat related word in German Eidgenosse ('Confederate' in the sense of 'a citizen of one of the states of the Swiss Confederacy').[5]. While many family histories are given at length . [16], Among the nobles, Calvinism peaked on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. Some members of this community emigrated to the United States in the 1890s. Geneva was John Calvin's adopted home and the centre of the Calvinist movement. The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages was important to the spread of the Protestant movement and development of the Reformed church in France. William and Mary Quarterly. [35] The height of this persecution was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in August, 1572, when 5,000 to 30,000 were killed, although there were also underlying political reasons for this as well, as some of the Huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centres of power in southern France. As a result Protestants are still a religious minority in Quebec today. Several congregations were founded throughout Germany and Scandinavia, such as those of Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden. 1491-1532? This week's compilation, " France Huguenot Family Lineage Searches ," is designed to help you find your Protestant ancestors in 16 th to 18 th century France. Huguenot refugees also settled in the Delaware River Valley of Eastern Pennsylvania and Hunterdon County, New Jersey in 1725. The uprising occurred a decade following the death of Henry IV, who was assassinated by a Catholic fanatic in 1610. There is a Huguenot society in London, as well as a. Huguenots of Spitalfields is a registered charity promoting public understanding of the Huguenot heritage and culture in Spitalfields, the City of London and beyond. Since then, it sharply decreased as the Huguenots were no longer tolerated by both the French royalty and the Catholic masses. Are you a descendant of a Huguenot Family? Surnames found in Ireland which date to time in the 16th and 17th centuries when French Huguenots or German Palatines fleeing religious persecution in their home countries came to Ireland. They assimilated with the predominantly Pennsylvania German settlers of the area. One of the most prominent Huguenot refugees in the Netherlands was Pierre Bayle. In the early 1700s, the Palatines , refugees from modern-day Germany, also came here. A Huguenot cemetery is located in the centre of Dublin, off St. Stephen's Green. On the day we visited, it was staffed by two ladies who were residents of the French Hospital. Many Walloon and Huguenot families were granted asylum there. It sought an alliance between the city-state of Geneva and the Swiss Confederation. The persecution and the flight of the Huguenots greatly damaged the reputation of Louis XIV abroad, particularly in England. For example, E.I. [30] During the Protestant Reformation, Lefevre, a professor at the University of Paris, published his French translation of the New Testament in 1523, followed by the whole Bible in the French language in 1530. The rebellions were implacably suppressed by the French crown. Local church records and histories are very helpful in that regard. [citation needed] Some of these immigrants moved to Norwich, which had accommodated an earlier settlement of Walloon weavers. Isaac and Esther's first three children were born in Mannheim between the years 1668 and 1673. ", Kurt Gingrich, "'That Will Make Carolina Powerful and Flourishing': Scots and Huguenots in Carolina in the 1680s. The origin of the name is uncertain, but it appears to have come from the word aignos, derived from the German Eidgenossen (confederates bound together by oath), which used to describe, between 1520 and 1524, the patriots of Geneva hostile to the duke of Savoy. The collection includes family histories, a library, and a picture archive. Tension with Paris led to a siege by the royal army in 1622. And lastly, many surnames common in the larger cities of South Holland were the Dutch versions of French and German surnames. Louis XIV claimed that the French Huguenot population was reduced from about 900,000 or 800,000 adherents to just 1,000 or 1,500. They were very successful at marriage and property speculation. Today, there are some Reformed communities around the world that still retain their Huguenot identity. They established a major weaving industry in and around Spitalfields (see Petticoat Lane and the Tenterground) in East London. 3rd. In the United States, the name France is the 2,209 th most popular surname with an estimated 14,922 people with that name. Most South African Huguenots settled in the, The majority of Australians with French ancestry are descended from Huguenots. But it was not until 31 December 1687 that the first organised group of Huguenots set sail from the Netherlands to the Dutch East India Company post at the Cape of Good Hope. huguenotstreet.org is ranked #2002 in the Hobbies and Leisure > Ancestry and Genealogy category and #7843378 Globally according to January 2023 data. Many modern Afrikaners have French surnames, which are given Afrikaans pronunciation and orthography. Amongst them were 200 pastors. In the United States there are several Huguenot worship groups and societies. The country had a long history of struggles with the papacy (see the Avignon Papacy, for example) by the time the Protestant Reformation finally arrived. "[10], Some have suggested the name was derived, with similar intended scorn, from les guenon de Hus (the 'monkeys' or 'apes of Jan Hus'). Previous to the erection of it, the strong men would often walk twenty-three miles on Saturday evening, the distance by the road from New Rochelle to New York, to attend the Sunday service. On 12 May 1705, the Virginia General Assembly passed an act to naturalise the 148 Huguenots still resident at Manakintown. It includes links to books and societies that can help you find your ancestral name in France prior to the French Revolution, and it focuses on Protestant aristocratic families. [4], A term used originally in derision, Huguenot has unclear origins. [63] It states in article 3: "This application does not, however, affect the validity of past acts by the person or rights acquired by third parties on the basis of previous laws. If you know of more Huguenot family names in Australia, please email ozhug@optushome.com.au. Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s resulted in the abolition of their political and military privileges. This was about 21% of all the recorded Hubert's in USA. "Trees without roots fall over!" ""People who never look backward to their ancestors will never look forward to posterity." - Edmund Burke. [42][43], The French Wars of Religion began with the Massacre of Vassy on 1 March 1562, when dozens[8] (some sources say hundreds[44]) of Huguenots were killed, and about 200 were wounded. ", Michael Green, "Bridging the English Channel: Huguenots in the educational milieu of the English upper class.". Flemish and Huguenot surnames were common in Zeeland. Many of the farms in the Western Cape province in South Africa still bear French names. The practice has continued to the present day. The first groups of German immigrants to the US began to arrive as early as the 1670s. Lachenicht, Susanne. Research genealogy for Alma Levi Russell Russell, as well as other members of the Russell family, on Ancestry. They did not promote French-language schools or publications and "lost" their historic identity. [103][104] The only reference to immigrant lacemakers in this period is of twenty-five widows who settled in Dover,[101] and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lacemakers in Bedfordshire. Although relatively large portions of the peasant population became Reformed there, the people, altogether, still remained majority Catholic.[16][19]. In 1700 several hundred French Huguenots migrated from England to the colony of Virginia, where the King William III of England had promised them land grants in Lower Norfolk County. [77] Their descendants in many families continued to use French first names and surnames for their children well into the nineteenth century. The "Hugues hypothesis" argues that the name was derived by association with Hugues Capet, king of France,[6] who reigned long before the Reformation. D.J.B. Augeron Mickal, Didier Poton et Bertrand Van Ruymbeke, dir.. Augeron Mickal, John de Bry, Annick Notter, dir., This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 16:02. In the Dutch-speaking North of France, Bible students who gathered in each other's houses to study secretly were called Huis Genooten ("housemates") while on the Swiss and German borders they were termed Eid Genossen, or "oath fellows", that is, persons bound to each other by an oath. A royal citadel was built and the university and consulate were taken over by the Catholic party. Kathy is a member of the Huguenot Society. It proved disastrous to the Huguenots and costly for France. Research genealogy for Norma Jane "Jane" Haas of Chittenango, New York, as well as other members of the Haas family, on Ancestry. Rhetoric like this became fiercer as events unfolded, and eventually stirred up a reaction in the Catholic establishment. Three hundred refugees were granted asylum at the court of George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lneburg in Celle. The Huguenots (/hjunts/ HEW-g-nots, also UK: /-noz/ -nohz, French:[y()no]) were a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition of Protestantism. Long after the sect was suppressed by Francis I, the remaining French Waldensians, then mostly in the Luberon region, sought to join Farel, Calvin and the Reformation, and Olivtan published a French Bible for them. The church was eventually replaced by a third, Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church, which contains heirlooms including the original bell from the French Huguenot Church Eglise du St. Esperit on Pine Street in New York City, which is preserved as a relic in the tower room. The roads to Geneva and the Valais region led to Lausanne, which was densely . The Huguenots. . Huguenot descendants sometimes display this symbol as a sign of reconnaissance (recognition) between them. The "Huguenot Street Historic District" in New Paltz has been designated a National Historic Landmark site and contains one of the oldest streets in the United States of America. . Huguenots with that surname are not only found in French Switzerland, but also emigrated from . Long integrated into Australian society, it is encouraged by the Huguenot Society of Australia to embrace and conserve its cultural heritage, aided by the Society's genealogical research services.[67]. A small wooden church was first erected in the community, followed by a second church that was built of stone. It is now located at Soho Square. 13 (Regiment on foot Varenne) and 15 (Regiment on foot Wylich). Ancient relics and texts were destroyed; the bodies of saints exhumed and burned. The English authorities welcomed the French refugees, providing money from both government and private agencies to aid their relocation. Synodicon in Gallia Reformata: or, the Acts, Decisions, Decrees, and Canons of those Famous National Councils of the Reformed Churches in France, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huguenots&oldid=1142115187. However, enforcement of the Edict grew increasingly irregular over time, making life so intolerable that many fled the country. In 1562, naval officer Jean Ribault led an expedition that explored Florida and the present-day Southeastern US, and founded the outpost of Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina. [citation needed], With the proclamation of the Edict of Nantes, and the subsequent protection of Huguenot rights, pressures to leave France abated. Our research is done by experienced and dedicated . However, these measures disguised the growing tensions between Protestants and Catholics. Most of the refugees from the German . Huguenot Towns; Huguenot Street Names; Places to visit; Huguenot Traces; Archive Menu Toggle. Use the search box to find a specific Family Name, Year, Location or Occupation. The government encouraged descendants of exiles to return, offering them French citizenship in a 15 December 1790 law: All persons born in a foreign country and descending in any degree of a French man or woman expatriated for religious reason are declared French nationals (naturels franais) and will benefit from rights attached to that quality if they come back to France, establish their domicile there and take the civic oath. One of the more notable Huguenot descendants in Ireland was Sen Lemass (18991971), who was appointed as Taoiseach, serving from 1959 until 1966. The first Mennonite immigrants bearing this name came to PA in the first half of the 18th century. The Huguenots were French Protestants who were members of the Calvinist Reformed Church that was established in 1550. VanRuymbeke, Bertrand and Sparks, Randy J., eds. Some Huguenot immigrants settled in central and eastern Pennsylvania. Huguenot Genealogy; Places & Traces Menu Toggle. ", Lien Bich Luu, "French-speaking refugees and the foundation of the London silk industry in the 16th century. A couple of ships with around 500 people arrived at the Guanabara Bay, present-day Rio de Janeiro, and settled on a small island. [14][15], The issue of demographic strength and geographical spread of the Reformed tradition in France has been covered in a variety of sources. Other descendents of Huguenots included Jack Jouett, who made the ride from Cuckoo Tavern to warn Thomas Jefferson and others that Tarleton and his men were on their way to arrest him for crimes against the king; Reverend John Gano, a Revolutionary War chaplain and spiritual advisor to George Washington; Francis Marion; and a number of other leaders of the American Revolution and later statesmen. [citation needed] In 1705, Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia were the first areas to provide full citizens rights to Huguenot immigrants, followed by the whole Dutch Republic in 1715. German who had married an American girl, the daughter of a man from Avignon and a woman of Franche Comt6. On that day, soldiers and organized mobs fell upon the Huguenots, and thousands of them were slaughtered. Other founding families created enterprises based on textiles and such traditional Huguenot occupations in France. Gaspard de Coligny was among the first to fall at the hands of a servant of the Duke de . The Huguenots furnished two new regiments of his army: the Altpreuische Infantry Regiments No. The battle between Huguenots and Catholics in France also . In 1654, additional grants were given and shelters were built as centers for trading with the Leni-Lennapes. [33] Since the Huguenots had political and religious goals, it was commonplace to refer to the Calvinists as "Huguenots of religion" and those who opposed the monarchy as "Huguenots of the state", who were mostly nobles.[34]. There are many variations in spelling and not all are related. The collection includes family histories, a library, and a picture archive. In 1840 there were 10 Hubert families living in Louisiana. Like other religious reformers of the time, Huguenots felt that the Catholic Church needed a radical cleansing of its impurities, and that the Pope represented a worldly kingdom, which sat in mocking tyranny over the things of God, and was ultimately doomed. Skip Ancestry navigation Main Menu Home [57], The revocation forbade Protestant services, required education of children as Catholics, and prohibited emigration. [75] When they arrived, colonial authorities offered them instead land 20 miles above the falls of the James River, at the abandoned Monacan village known as Manakin Town, now in Goochland County. In addition, a dense network of Protestant villages permeated the rural mountainous region of the Cevennes. This Table contains the names of Huguenot families Naturalized [69] in Great Britain and Ireland; commencing A.D., 1681, in the reign of King Charles II., and ending in 1712, in the reign of Queen Anne. In 1628 the Huguenots established a congregation as L'glise franaise la Nouvelle-Amsterdam (the French church in New Amsterdam). A small group of Huguenots also settled on the south shore of Staten Island along the New York Harbor, for which the current neighbourhood of Huguenot was named. It precipitated civil bloodshed, ruined commerce, and resulted in the illegal flight from the country of hundreds of thousands of Protestants, many of whom were intellectuals, doctors and business leaders whose skills were transferred to Britain as well as Holland, Prussia, South Africa and other places they fled to. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the French Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. Of the refugees who arrived on the Kent coast, many gravitated towards Canterbury, then the . The Huguenots of the state opposed the monopoly of power the Guise family had and wanted to attack the authority of the crown. After the British Conquest of New France, British authorities in Lower Canada tried to encourage Huguenot immigration in an attempt to promote a Francophone Protestant Church in the region, hoping that French-speaking Protestants would be more loyal clergy than those of Roman Catholicism. (It has been adapted as a restaurantsee illustration above. They purchased from John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor, a tract of land consisting of six thousand one hundred acres with the help of Jacob Leisler. The ancestral listing on our website is an "open listing" which means it is periodically updated from time to time as new information becomes available. I.". After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, the Dutch Republic received the largest group of Huguenot refugees, an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people. Protestant preachers rallied a considerable army and a formidable cavalry, which came under the leadership of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny. The Huguenot Society of America maintains the Manakin Episcopal Church in Virginia as a historic shrine with occasional services. Of course, the Huguenots were not the only refugee group who came to Ireland in the past. Research genealogy for Thomas Russell of Kegworth, Leicestershire, England, as well as other members of the Russell family, on Ancestry. A few French Huguenot surnames that remain common today include the surnames Du Plessis, De Villiers, Joubert, Le Roux, Naude and Rousseau. The wars gradually took on a dynastic character, developing into an extended feud between the Houses of Bourbon and Guise, both of whichin addition to holding rival religious viewsstaked a claim to the French throne. This group of Huguenots from southern France had frequent issues with the strict Calvinist tenets that are outlined in many of John Calvin's letters to the synods of the Languedoc. The Huguenots were concentrated in the southern and western parts of the Kingdom of France. [86] There was a small naval Anglo-French War (16271629), in which the English supported the French Huguenots against King Louis XIII. ser., 64 (April 2007): 377394. By contrast, the Protestant populations of eastern France, in Alsace, Moselle, and Montbliard, were mainly Lutherans. But the light of the Gospel has made them vanish, and teaches us that these spirits were street-strollers and ruffians. In addition, many areas, especially in the central part of the country, were also contested between the French Reformed and Catholic nobles. Most of the cities in which the Huguenots gained a hold saw iconoclast riots in which altars and images in churches, and sometimes the buildings themselves torn down. It became one of the 100 foundational texts of the US Library of Congress. In 1685, he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau, revoking the Edict of Nantes and declaring Protestantism illegal. One of the most active Huguenot groups is in Charleston, South Carolina. [81] In colonial New York city they switched from French to English or Dutch by 1730.[82]. The main provincial towns and cities experiencing massacres were Aix, Bordeaux, Bourges, Lyons, Meaux, Orlans, Rouen, Toulouse, and Troyes.[47]. In 1564, Ribault's former lieutenant Ren Goulaine de Laudonnire launched a second voyage to build a colony; he established Fort Caroline in what is now Jacksonville, Florida. 24 July, A.D. 1550. The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was Maria de la Quellerie, wife of commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister), who arrived on 6 April 1652 to establish a settlement at what is today Cape Town. The implication that the style of lace known as 'Bucks Point' demonstrates a Huguenot influence, being a "combination of Mechlin patterns on Lille ground",[102] is fallacious: what is now known as Mechlin lace did not develop until the first half of the eighteenth century and lace with Mechlin patterns and Lille ground did not appear until the end of the 18th century, when it was widely copied throughout Europe.

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